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Single-sideband modulation (
SSB) is a refinement of amplitude modulation that more efficiently uses electric power and bandwidth. It is closely related to vestigial sideband modulation (VSB) (see #Vestigial sideband (VSB)).
Amplitude modulation produces a modulated output signal that has twice the
bandwidth of the original
baseband signal. Single-sideband modulation avoids this bandwidth doubling, and the power wasted on a carrier, at the cost of somewhat increased device complexity.
The first U. S. patent for SSB modulation was applied for on 1 December, 1915 by John R. Carson. Patent 1,449,382, titled "Method and Means for Signaling with High Frequency Waves" was awarded to Carson on March 27, 1923 and assigned to AT&T.
The U.S. Navy experimented with SSB over its radio circuits prior to World War I. SSB first entered commercial service in January 7, 1927 on the
longwave transatlantic public radiotelephone circuit between New York and London. The high power SSB transmitters were located at Rocky Point, New York and the
Rugby transmitting station. The receivers were in very quiet locations in
Houlton, Maine and Cupar Scotland.
SSB was also used over long-distance telephone lines, as part of a technique known as
frequency-division multiplexing. (FDM) was pioneered by telephone companies in the
1930s. This enabled many voice channels to be sent down a single physical circuit. The use of SSB meant that the channels could be spaced (usually) just 4,000 Hz apart, while offering a speech bandwidth of nominally 300 – 3,400 Hz.
Amateur radio operators began to seriously experiment with SSB after
World War II. It has become a de facto standard for long-distance voice radio transmissions since then.
Signal generation
Bandpass filtering
Consider an amplitude-modulated signal, which will have two frequency-shifted copies of the modulating signal (the lower one is frequency-inverted) on either side of the remaining carrier wave. These are known as
sidebands.
One method of producing an SSB signal is to remove one of the sidebands via
electronic filtering, leaving only either the
upper sideband (
USB) or less commonly the
lower sideband (
LSB). Most often, the carrier is reduced (suppressed) or removed entirely. Assuming both sidebands are symmetric, no information is lost in the process. Since the final RF amplification is now concentrated in a single sideband, the effective power output is greater than in normal AM (the carrier and redundant sideband account for well over half of the power output of an AM transmitter). Though SSB uses substantially less bandwidth and power, it cannot be demodulated by a simple envelope detector like standard AM.
Hartley modulator
An alternate method of generation known as a
Hartley modulator uses
phase (waves) to suppress the unwanted sideband. To generate an SSB signal with this method, two versions of the original signal are generated which are mutually 90° out of phase. Each one of these signals is then mixed with carrier waves that are also 90° out of phase with each other. By either adding or subtracting the resulting signals, a lower or upper sideband signal results.
Throwing the baseband signal 90° out of phase cannot be done simply by delaying it, as it contains a large range of frequencies. In analog circuits, a phasing network is used. The method was popular in the days of vacuum tube radios, but later gained a bad reputation due to poorly adjusted commercial implementations. Modulation using this method is again gaining popularity in the
Amateur radio homebrew and
Digital signal processor fields. This method, utilizing the Hilbert transform to throw the baseband audio out of phase, can be done at low cost with digital circuitry.
Weaver modulator
Another variation, the
Weaver modulator, uses only lowpass filters and quadrature mixers, and is a favored method in digital implementations .
In Weaver's method, the band of interest is first translated to be centered at zero, conceptually by modulating a complex exponential \exp(j\omega t) with frequency in the middle of the voiceband, but implemented by a quadrature pair of sine and cosine modulators at that frequency (e.g. 2 kHz). This complex signal or pair of real signals is then lowpass filtered to remove the undesired sideband that is not centered at zero. Then, the single-sideband complex signal centered at zero is upconverted to a real signal, by another pair of quadrature mixers, to the desired center frequency.
Mathematical highlights
Let s(t)\, be the
baseband waveform to be transmitted. Its Fourier transform, S(f)\,, is Hermitian symmetrical about the f=0\, axis, because s(t)\, is Real number. Double sideband modulation of s(t)\, to a radio transmission frequency, F_c\,, moves the axis of symmetry to f=\pm F_c, and the two sides of each axis are called
sidebands.
Let \widehat s(t)\, represent the Hilbert transform of s(t)\,
. Then
s_a(t) = s(t)+j\cdot \widehat s(t)\,
is a useful mathematical concept, called an
analytic signal. The Fourier transform of s_a(t)\, equals 2\cdot S(f)\,, for f > 0\,, but it has no
negative frequency components. So it can be modulated to a radio frequency and produce just a
single sideband.
The analytic representation of \cos(2\pi F_c\cdot t)\, is
:
\cos(2\pi F_c\cdot t)+j\cdot \sin(2\pi F_c\cdot t) = e^{j2\pi F_c\cdot t} (the equality is Euler's formula)
whose Fourier transform is \delta(f-F_c)\,.
When s_a(t)\, is modulated (i.e. multiplied) by e^{j2\pi F_c\cdot t}\,, all frequency components are shifted by +F_c\,, so there are still no negative-frequency components. Therefore, the complex product is an
analytic representation of the single sideband signal
:
s_a(t)\cdot e^{j2\pi F_c\cdot t} = s_{ssb}(t) +j\cdot \widehat s_{ssb}(t) \,
where s_{ssb}(t)\, is the real-valued, single sideband waveform. Therefore
:
{|
|-|s_{ssb}(t)\,|= Re\big\{s_a(t)\cdot e^{j2\pi F_c\cdot t}\big\} |-||= Re\left\{\ \widehat s(t)\cdot F_c\cdot t)+j\cdot \sin(2\pi F_c\cdot t)\ \right\} |-||= s(t)\cdot \cos(2\pi F_c\cdot t) - \widehat s(t)\cdot \sin(2\pi F_c\cdot t)\,|}And the "out-of-phase carrier waves" mentioned earlier are evident.
Lower sideband
s_a(t)\, represents the baseband signal's upper sideband, s_{+}(t)\,. It is also possible, and useful, to convey the baseband information using its lower sideband, s_{-}(t)\,, which is a mirror image about f=0 Hz. By a general property of the Fourier transform, that symmetry means it is the complex conjugate of s_{+}(t)\,
:
s_{-}(t) = s_{+}^*(t) = s_a^*(t) = s(t)-j\cdot \widehat s(t)\,
Note that
:
s_{+}(t) + s_{-}(t) = 2s(t)\,
The gain of 2 is a result of defining the analytic signal (one sideband) to have the same total energy as s(t)\, (both sidebands).
As before, the signal is modulated by e^{j2\pi F_c\cdot t}\,. The typical F_c\, is large enough that the translated lower sideband (LSB) has no negative-frequency components. Then the result is another analytic signal, whose real part is the actual transmission.
{|
|-|s_{lsb}(t)\,|= Re\big\{s_a^*(t)\cdot e^{j2\pi F_c\cdot t}\big\} |-||= s(t)\cdot \cos(2\pi F_c\cdot t) + \widehat s(t)\cdot \sin(2\pi F_c\cdot t)\,|}
Note that the sum of the two sideband signals is
2s(t)\cdot cos(2\pi F_c\cdot t)\,
which is the classic model of suppressed-carrier double sideband AM.
SSB and VSB can also be regarded mathematically as special cases of analog quadrature amplitude modulation.
Demodulation
The front end of an SSB receiver is similar to that of an AM or FM receiver, consisting of a
superheterodyne radio frequency front end that produces a frequency-shifted version of the radio frequency (RF) signal within a standard
intermediate frequency (IF) band.
To recover the original signal from the IF SSB signal, the single sideband must be frequency-shifted down to its original range of
baseband frequencies, by using a
product detector which mixes it with the output of a beat frequency oscillator (BFO). In other words, it is just another stage of heterodyning.
For this to work, the BFO frequency must be accurately adjusted. If the BFO is mis-adjusted, the output signal will be frequency-shifted, making speech sound strange and "Donald Duck"-like, or unintelligible.
As an example, consider an IF SSB signal centered at frequency F_{if}\, = 45000 Hz. The baseband frequency it needs to be shifted to is F_b\, = 2000 Hz. The BFO output waveform is cos(2\pi\cdot F_{bfo}\cdot t)\,. When the signal is multiplied by (aka '
heterodyned with') the BFO waveform, it shifts the signal to (F_{if}+F_{bfo})\, and to ] (such as the human
ear).)
Note that there are two choices for F_{bfo}\,
: 43000 Hz and 47000 Hz, aka
low-side and
high-side injection. With high-side injection, the spectral components that were distributed around 45000 Hz will be distributed around 2000 Hz in the reverse order, also known as an
inverted spectrum. That is in fact desirable when the IF spectrum is also inverted, because the BFO inversion restores the proper relationships. One reason for that is when the IF spectrum is the output of an inverting stage in the receiver. Another reason is when the SSB signal is actually a lower sideband, instead of an upper sideband. But if both reasons are true, then the IF spectrum in not inverted, and the non-inverting BFO (43000 Hz) should be used.
If F_{bfo}\, is off by a small amount, then the beat frequency is not exactly F_b\,, which can lead to the speech distortion mentioned earlier.
Suppressed carrier SSB
Suppressed carrier SSB modulation is used by
ATSC Standards.DSL modems implement suppressed carrier SSB modulation as well.
Vestigial sideband (VSB)
A
vestigial sideband (in
radio communication) is a sideband that has been only partly cut off or suppressed. Television broadcasts (in NTSC,
PAL, or
SECAM analog video format) use this method if the video is
transmission (telecommunications) in
amplitude modulation, due to the large
bandwidth used. It may also be used in digital transmission, such as the
ATSC standardized
8-VSB. The Milgo 4400/48 modem (circa 1967) used vestigial sideband and
phase-shift keying to provide 4800-bit/s transmission over a 1600 Hz channel.
The video baseband signal used in TV in countries that use NTSC or ATSC has a bandwidth of 6 MHz. To conserve bandwidth, SSB would be desirable, but the video signal has significant low frequency content (average brightness) and has rectangular synchronising pulses. The compromise is vestigial sideband modulation. In vestigial sideband the full upper sideband of bandwidth W2 = 4 MHz is transmitted, but only W1 = 1.25 MHz of the lower sideband is transmitted, along with a carrier. This effectively makes the system AM at low modulation frequencies and SSB at high modulation frequencies. The absence of the lower sideband components at high frequencies must be compensated for, and this is done by the RF and IF filters.
See also
- modulation for other examples of modulation techniques
- Sideband for more general information about a sideband
- ACSSB, amplitude-companded single sideband
- Single-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission
References
Further reading
Sgrignoli, G., W. Bretl, R. and Citta. (1995). "VSB modulation used for terrestrial and cable broadcasts."
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics. v. 41, issue 3, p. 367 - 382.
Single-sideband modulation (
SSB) is a refinement of
amplitude modulation that more efficiently uses electric power and bandwidth. It is closely related to vestigial sideband modulation (VSB) (see
#Vestigial sideband (VSB)).
Amplitude modulation produces a modulated output signal that has twice the bandwidth of the original
baseband signal. Single-sideband modulation avoids this bandwidth doubling, and the power wasted on a carrier, at the cost of somewhat increased device complexity.
The first U. S. patent for SSB modulation was applied for on 1 December, 1915 by John R. Carson. Patent 1,449,382, titled "Method and Means for Signaling with High Frequency Waves" was awarded to Carson on March 27, 1923 and assigned to AT&T.
The U.S. Navy experimented with SSB over its radio circuits prior to World War I. SSB first entered commercial service in January 7, 1927 on the
longwave transatlantic public radiotelephone circuit between New York and London. The high power SSB transmitters were located at Rocky Point, New York and the
Rugby transmitting station. The receivers were in very quiet locations in Houlton, Maine and Cupar Scotland.
SSB was also used over long-distance telephone lines, as part of a technique known as frequency-division multiplexing. (FDM) was pioneered by telephone companies in the
1930s. This enabled many voice channels to be sent down a single physical circuit. The use of SSB meant that the channels could be spaced (usually) just 4,000 Hz apart, while offering a speech bandwidth of nominally 300 – 3,400 Hz.
Amateur radio operators began to seriously experiment with SSB after
World War II. It has become a de facto standard for long-distance voice radio transmissions since then.
Signal generation
Bandpass filtering
Consider an amplitude-modulated signal, which will have two frequency-shifted copies of the modulating signal (the lower one is frequency-inverted) on either side of the remaining carrier wave. These are known as sidebands.
One method of producing an SSB signal is to remove one of the sidebands via
electronic filtering, leaving only either the
upper sideband (
USB) or less commonly the
lower sideband (
LSB). Most often, the carrier is reduced (suppressed) or removed entirely. Assuming both sidebands are symmetric, no information is lost in the process. Since the final RF amplification is now concentrated in a single sideband, the effective power output is greater than in normal AM (the carrier and redundant sideband account for well over half of the power output of an AM transmitter). Though SSB uses substantially less bandwidth and power, it cannot be demodulated by a simple envelope detector like standard AM.
Hartley modulator
An alternate method of generation known as a
Hartley modulator uses
phase (waves) to suppress the unwanted sideband. To generate an SSB signal with this method, two versions of the original signal are generated which are mutually 90° out of phase. Each one of these signals is then mixed with carrier waves that are also 90°
out of phase with each other. By either adding or subtracting the resulting signals, a lower or upper sideband signal results.
Throwing the baseband signal 90° out of phase cannot be done simply by delaying it, as it contains a large range of frequencies. In analog circuits, a phasing network is used. The method was popular in the days of
vacuum tube radios, but later gained a bad reputation due to poorly adjusted commercial implementations. Modulation using this method is again gaining popularity in the
Amateur radio homebrew and Digital signal processor fields. This method, utilizing the Hilbert transform to throw the baseband audio out of phase, can be done at low cost with digital circuitry.
Weaver modulator
Another variation, the
Weaver modulator, uses only lowpass filters and quadrature mixers, and is a favored method in digital implementations .
In Weaver's method, the band of interest is first translated to be centered at zero, conceptually by modulating a complex exponential \exp(j\omega t) with frequency in the middle of the voiceband, but implemented by a quadrature pair of sine and cosine modulators at that frequency (e.g. 2 kHz). This complex signal or pair of real signals is then lowpass filtered to remove the undesired sideband that is not centered at zero. Then, the single-sideband complex signal centered at zero is upconverted to a real signal, by another pair of quadrature mixers, to the desired center frequency.
Mathematical highlights
Let s(t)\, be the
baseband waveform to be transmitted. Its Fourier transform, S(f)\,, is Hermitian symmetrical about the f=0\, axis, because s(t)\, is
Real number. Double sideband modulation of s(t)\, to a radio transmission frequency, F_c\,, moves the axis of symmetry to f=\pm F_c, and the two sides of each axis are called sidebands.
Let \widehat s(t)\, represent the Hilbert transform of s(t)\,
. Then
s_a(t) = s(t)+j\cdot \widehat s(t)\,
is a useful mathematical concept, called an
analytic signal. The Fourier transform of s_a(t)\, equals 2\cdot S(f)\,, for f > 0\,, but it has no negative frequency components. So it can be modulated to a radio frequency and produce just a
single sideband.
The analytic representation of \cos(2\pi F_c\cdot t)\, is
:
\cos(2\pi F_c\cdot t)+j\cdot \sin(2\pi F_c\cdot t) = e^{j2\pi F_c\cdot t} (the equality is
Euler's formula)
whose Fourier transform is \delta(f-F_c)\,.
When s_a(t)\, is modulated (i.e. multiplied) by e^{j2\pi F_c\cdot t}\,, all frequency components are shifted by +F_c\,, so there are still no negative-frequency components. Therefore, the complex product is an
analytic representation of the single sideband signal
:
s_a(t)\cdot e^{j2\pi F_c\cdot t} = s_{ssb}(t) +j\cdot \widehat s_{ssb}(t) \,
where s_{ssb}(t)\, is the real-valued, single sideband waveform. Therefore
:
{|
|-|s_{ssb}(t)\,|= Re\big\{s_a(t)\cdot e^{j2\pi F_c\cdot t}\big\} |-||= Re\left\{\ \widehat s(t)\cdot F_c\cdot t)+j\cdot \sin(2\pi F_c\cdot t)\ \right\} |-||= s(t)\cdot \cos(2\pi F_c\cdot t) - \widehat s(t)\cdot \sin(2\pi F_c\cdot t)\,|}And the "out-of-phase carrier waves" mentioned earlier are evident.
Lower sideband
s_a(t)\, represents the baseband signal's upper sideband, s_{+}(t)\,. It is also possible, and useful, to convey the baseband information using its lower sideband, s_{-}(t)\,, which is a mirror image about f=0 Hz. By a general property of the Fourier transform, that symmetry means it is the complex conjugate of s_{+}(t)\,
:
s_{-}(t) = s_{+}^*(t) = s_a^*(t) = s(t)-j\cdot \widehat s(t)\,
Note that
:
s_{+}(t) + s_{-}(t) = 2s(t)\,
The gain of 2 is a result of defining the analytic signal (one sideband) to have the same total energy as s(t)\, (both sidebands).
As before, the signal is modulated by e^{j2\pi F_c\cdot t}\,. The typical F_c\, is large enough that the translated lower sideband (LSB) has no negative-frequency components. Then the result is another analytic signal, whose real part is the actual transmission.
{|
|-|s_{lsb}(t)\,|= Re\big\{s_a^*(t)\cdot e^{j2\pi F_c\cdot t}\big\} |-||= s(t)\cdot \cos(2\pi F_c\cdot t) + \widehat s(t)\cdot \sin(2\pi F_c\cdot t)\,|}
Note that the sum of the two sideband signals is
2s(t)\cdot cos(2\pi F_c\cdot t)\,
which is the classic model of suppressed-carrier double sideband AM.
SSB and VSB can also be regarded mathematically as special cases of analog quadrature amplitude modulation.
Demodulation
The front end of an SSB receiver is similar to that of an AM or FM receiver, consisting of a
superheterodyne radio frequency front end that produces a frequency-shifted version of the radio frequency (RF) signal within a standard
intermediate frequency (IF) band.
To recover the original signal from the IF SSB signal, the single sideband must be frequency-shifted down to its original range of
baseband frequencies, by using a
product detector which mixes it with the output of a
beat frequency oscillator (BFO). In other words, it is just another stage of heterodyning.
For this to work, the BFO frequency must be accurately adjusted. If the BFO is mis-adjusted, the output signal will be frequency-shifted, making speech sound strange and "
Donald Duck"-like, or unintelligible.
As an example, consider an IF SSB signal centered at frequency F_{if}\, = 45000 Hz. The baseband frequency it needs to be shifted to is F_b\, = 2000 Hz. The BFO output waveform is cos(2\pi\cdot F_{bfo}\cdot t)\,. When the signal is multiplied by (aka 'heterodyned with') the BFO waveform, it shifts the signal to (F_{if}+F_{bfo})\, and to ] (such as the human
ear).)
Note that there are two choices for F_{bfo}\,
: 43000 Hz and 47000 Hz, aka
low-side and
high-side injection. With high-side injection, the spectral components that were distributed around 45000 Hz will be distributed around 2000 Hz in the reverse order, also known as an
inverted spectrum. That is in fact desirable when the IF spectrum is also inverted, because the BFO inversion restores the proper relationships. One reason for that is when the IF spectrum is the output of an inverting stage in the receiver. Another reason is when the SSB signal is actually a lower sideband, instead of an upper sideband. But if both reasons are true, then the IF spectrum in not inverted, and the non-inverting BFO (43000 Hz) should be used.
If F_{bfo}\, is off by a small amount, then the beat frequency is not exactly F_b\,, which can lead to the speech distortion mentioned earlier.
Suppressed carrier SSB
Suppressed carrier SSB modulation is used by ATSC Standards.DSL modems implement suppressed carrier SSB modulation as well.
Vestigial sideband (VSB)
A
vestigial sideband (in
radio communication) is a sideband that has been only partly cut off or suppressed. Television broadcasts (in
NTSC, PAL, or
SECAM analog video format) use this method if the video is
transmission (telecommunications) in amplitude modulation, due to the large bandwidth used. It may also be used in digital transmission, such as the ATSC standardized 8-VSB. The Milgo 4400/48
modem (circa 1967) used vestigial sideband and phase-shift keying to provide 4800-bit/s transmission over a 1600 Hz channel.
The video baseband signal used in TV in countries that use NTSC or ATSC has a bandwidth of 6 MHz. To conserve bandwidth, SSB would be desirable, but the video signal has significant low frequency content (average brightness) and has rectangular synchronising pulses. The compromise is vestigial sideband modulation. In vestigial sideband the full upper sideband of bandwidth W2 = 4 MHz is transmitted, but only W1 = 1.25 MHz of the lower sideband is transmitted, along with a carrier. This effectively makes the system AM at low modulation frequencies and SSB at high modulation frequencies. The absence of the lower sideband components at high frequencies must be compensated for, and this is done by the RF and IF filters.
See also
- modulation for other examples of modulation techniques
- Sideband for more general information about a sideband
- ACSSB, amplitude-companded single sideband
- Single-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission
References
Further reading
Sgrignoli, G., W. Bretl, R. and Citta. (1995). "VSB modulation used for terrestrial and cable broadcasts."
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics. v. 41, issue 3, p. 367 - 382.
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